نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 23 (زمستان 1398)

In January 22,1946 ,republic of Kurdistan or Mahabad was officially  announced by Ghazi.Mohammed called Pishva . Finally it was ended after a year under internal, external pressures. The crisis of Kurdistan which had been occurred due to foreign occupations, was also rooted in civil problems that emerged at the beginning of second world war.  In this research the followings have been studied in a descriptive _analytical method the formation of Kurdistan  crisis, establishment of  the republic of Mahabad and internal, external elements effective in it's emergence and decline. The research findings indicate that the discussion of Kurdistan and republic of Mahabad had caused by the situation and grounds of Rezashah period and Kurdish people movement to announce their autonomy from central government and trans-regional powers interferes and their stimulations accelerated such tribal movements.  On the other hand, structural weakness and internal problems of republic of Mahabad and those foreign countries performance have influenced the collapse of that newly founded republic. Keywords:

The emergence of posts and occupations results from new circumstances and conditions which are defined in the society. Azerbaijan in the early days of Qajariyeh was also resulted from feedbacks of new situations and functions which had been opened to Iranians. The prominent characteristic of this state in the early days of Qajariyeh was the bbattles between Iran and Russia . Those battles necessarily required new posts and entitles with an army structure. One dominant manifestation of this situation was "AmirNezam".  The key role of Amir Nezam that was conducting Tabriz system even after the wars caused the emergence of new posts as his subordinates . In this regard, the minister of army was one of the posts that had started it's activities at the end of the battles under the supervision of Amirnezam in Tabriz. This writing aims to study the followings: that a newly founded post was just confined to one state, the necessity of it's formation during Mohammed Shah at the same time with the settlement of battles, it's functions and duties considering powerful figures. The minister of army entered into the bureaucratic structure of Qajariyeh having administrative and military authorities.  Disappearing it's prominent holders,this post had become only a title . Finally it was known as a military rank.

During Sasanid ruling, Fortresses  were basically  considered in terms of their military and disciplinary role, while the fortress's usages have been beyond military issues and they played a key role in social, economic and political transformations of Iran during Sasanid period.  Fortresses were considered as military and civilian fortifications which had  commonly been constructed at heights and boundaries because of their natural geographical features and to maintain security.  The present paper using  documentary and field study aims to answer the question that in addition to military and boundary usages, what other usages have the fortresses had? In this research Iran is divided into 8 areas and the fortresses of Iran during Sasani have been studied.  The research findings showed that fortresses in each area had had a particular usage; However the fortresses were mainly used as military bases to defend boundaries. Most fortresses had been built in  boundaries but the fortress is one of the buildings which had been considered as urban requirement and some fortresses with commercial usage, temples, ruling citadel are seen which shows the existence of city and civilizatin during that period.

One of the outcomes of the relationchi between Iran in the Qajar era with the industrial Europe was the import of motor vehicles into Iran. These vehicles led to chaos in their commuting. Therefore, it became necessary to devise rules and reyulations to measure and access the driving skills of the drivers. This led to the issuance of a license which was named (Driving license or Tasdiq Ranandegi) after the issuance of the first rulebook in (1307 A.H.) it vas called “Govahi Nameh Ranandegi”. In many countries, this certificate is considered as an identity card and it has social validity. Since the issuance praedure of the first driving license so far, due to the complexity of driving problem and the increase in the number of the commiting vehicles, the issuance procedure and the content of this certificate have vrdergone various changes which has led to numbers revisions cansing positive and negative consequencies in traffic control and commiting violations in driving. The present study attempts, by ancidering library sourse and documents, to deal with the fotm and content of document related to licenses and the driving licenses extant so as to reveal the changes in the laws and reyultions of the driving rulebook. It also deals with the consequences of changes in the rulebooks and regulations.

The objective of this research is to study the crisis of Kurdistan at the early years of revolution emphasizing on the position of temporary government and active political groups in the region. This study is conducted in a descriptive _analytical method. The main problem of the research is the causes of emergence and persistence of crisis in Kurdistan after 1357 revolution.  The present research aims to answer this question that what reasons caused the temporary government policies failed to solve the crisis of Kurdistan? The research findings showed that the main factor of the emergence of autonomous and separatist movements in Kurdistan was historical retardation and discriminative policies of Pahlavi dynasty.  Efforts by temporary government and some political groups to solve the problem peacefully in the region failed due to the presence of radical forces in Kurdistan. This was the main factor of sustainability and deepening of the crisis in Kurdistan in the early years of revolution.  Moreover we will study the policies of temporary government and laborers revolutionary organization groups ,Democratic party of Kurdistan, Qur'an school and other active groups in region.

Police force is one of the essential agencies in every ccountry which is formed  to provide order and security inside the country and to prevent the influence of foreigners, but during the reign of Mohammed Reza Shah, Municipality played a significant role to provide the influence of UK and US in Iran.  Municipality as a special organization had been considered during second Pahlavi and it's awareness and information organization along with US and UK tried to suppress political opponents of regime.  Municipality should be viewed as one of the important security, information _police organizations which acted in line with informational services of US and UK during second Pahlavi. This rresearch aims to study and to determine the role of Municipality in security interactions between US and UK in Iran  during second Pahlavi . The main question of the research is what was the role of Municipality in providing grounds for interactions and cooperation between US and UK during second Pahlavi? The research method is descriptive _analytical and the research tool is to exploit historical documents and data analysis.  The research findings showed that Municipality directed it's practices to protect US and UK benefits, to provide the grounds for interactions between US and UK and to remove civil opponents. The most important consequence of these actions was the coup against Dr.Musadegh  in 28,August 1332. In the chaotic situation of country,the Municipality cooperated with US and UK directly to provide the grounds of coup against Dr.Musadegh  and finally it provided the grounds for implementing the coup of  28 August.